‘To cure sometimes, to relieve often, to comfort always’
Hugh Crichton-Miller was a doctor who described himself as ‘a Christian, a pragmatist and a scientist’[1]. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University and from that point developed an interest in the links between mind and body[2]. He founded the Tavistock Clinic in 1920, following his experiences treating shell-shock in the First World War. Throughout his career he was known as a tolerant, dedicated, and humane doctor, whose main concern was to cure those who came to him. For Hugh Crichton-Miller everyone who came to him was an individual, none just a ‘case’[3].
Hugh Crichton-Miller (5 February 1877[4] to 1 January 1959[5]), was born in Genoa, the son of a Scottish minister[6]. His father, Rev. Donald Miller was born in Pittenween in Fife in 1838[7]. Donald Miller’s father died when he was young and he went to live with his uncles in Glasgow, going into the family business at 14[8], where he struck a deal with Garibaldi to supply provisions for the invasion of Sicily[9]. In spite of such business acumen Donald decided to become a minister, joining the Free Church of Scotland[10],[11] and moving his family to Genoa[12]. He married twice and Hugh Crichton-Miller was an only son with five sisters[13]. Because the family took French speaking maids he grew up to be tri-lingual[14].
At the age of twelve Hugh Crichton-Miller travelled across Europe by himself to take up a place at Fettes College, a boarding school in Edinburgh[15]. His command of French served him well at school. He won an open scholarship in his first term and aged 17 he obtained a leaving exhibition to Edinburgh University[16]. He entered Edinburgh University in 1894[17], taking the arts as well as the medical course. In January 1895, age 19, Hugh Crichton-Miller met Eleanor Campbell Lorimer[18]. They were engaged a year later and married in 1903[19],[20].
Hugh Crichton-Miller was an extremely active student, becoming both President of the University Union and the Christian Union[21]. He obtained his MA in 1898 and his MB, ChB from Edinburgh University in 1900[22],[23]. He chose hypnotism as the subject for his MD thesis[24] at Edinburgh[25]. He then spent a year as house surgeon and later house physician at the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh[26],[27]. On completion of his junior appointments he set up in practice in San Remo[28] on the Italian Riviera where he established a family home and in his practice treated fashionable English visitors and Italian tradespeople[29]. While in Italy he took an MD at the University of Pavia in 1901[30]. He also set up a regular practice in Aviemore[31],[32], Scotland where he summered[33].
In May of 1911 he left San Remo and moved to Harrow on the Hill in London[34]. By the time that Hugh Crichton-Miller returned to the UK he was firmly interested in psychology and viewed the discovery of the ‘unconscious motive’ as the great discovery of the age[35][36]. He published a book called Hypnotism and Disease in 1912[37] and ten years of treating fashionable patients in San Remo made him further interested in the non-physical factors of illness[38]. It was at this time that he began to practise what he called ‘binocular vision’ – attending to both the physical and psychological needs of his patients[39],[40].
At this time the new psychology was still very new, but Hugh Crichton-Miller had already encountered the writings of Freud and the experiments in hypnotism[41]. Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams had been first published in 1900 with the first English translations appearing in 1910[42]. However, it was not Freud, but Jung who was Hugh Crichton-Miller’s great hero. This is because he found himself at odds with what he considered Freud’s ‘completely deterministic philosophy’[43] while for Jung ‘man is still a free agent’[44].
Hugh Crichton-Miller’s book Hypnotism and Disease covers a range of approaches to hypnotism, beginning by covering its early history, then looking at Mesmer, Faria, Braid, Liébeault (the Nancy School), Bernheim and Charcot[45]. He suggests that hypnosis can be used therapeutically to help with disorders ranging from ‘nail biting’[46] to ‘phobias and obsessions’[47], alcoholism and drug addiction[48]. As well as hypnotism he covers other methods of psychoanalysis such as Dubois’s treatment by persuasion[49], Vittoz’s system of re-education[50] and Freud’s[51] system of psycho-analysis, which he describes as ‘the newest and most revolutionary’[52] development and goes on to describe the methods of dream analysis, free association and time association[53]. He also cites MacDougall, Dejerine, and Janet, putting him well ahead of most British doctors in terms of his knowledge of psychoanalytic theory.
In London Hugh Crichton-Miller opened Bowden House in 1911[54],[55],[56]. It was a nursing home for the treatment of neurosis and similar disorders. It was established in a rambling regency house with a long extended wing[57], in Harrow-on-the-Hill[58],[59] and in the early years Hugh Crichton-Miller and his family also lived there[60].
Bowden House was the first home of its kind in the country[61]. Bowden House was an experiment in community treatment, combined with individual psychotherapy[62]. At any one time there were up to 20 patients in residence, men and women, with cases ranging from mental disturbance and insomnia through to drug addiction and alcoholism[63]. At that time only very limited sedative drugs were available and Hugh Crichton-Miller used to treat insomniacs with mixtures of bromides, chloral and luminal[64].
The earliest therapeutic work at Bowden House, consisted of persuasion and suggestion[65]. The work of Charcot and Janet was known and use was made of hypnosis[66],[67]. Hugh Crichton-Miller emphasised that the body and mind must be treated together and that psychotherapists must not forget their training as physicians[68]. Early use of ‘occupational therapy’ was also employed in the form of jigsaws and patience[69] or gardening and wood-cutting[70]. The latter part of the morning was usually given over to physical exercise[71]. Indoor activities included crafts and painting[72]. Following the evening meal activities included billiards (for the men), music and choral singing[73].
Hugh Crichton-Miller was fond of outdoor activities himself and enjoyed camping[74]. He even missed the start of the First World War by a day because he was on a cycling holiday with his son in Scotland[75]. He was a keen participant in gardening and physical activities at Bowden House and more than once his secretary had to answer phone calls with the response, “Sorry, Doctor Miller is up a tree.”[76]
In many respects Bowden House was a training ground for staff and patients alike[77]. Among the doctors who worked at Bowden House were: JR Rees, Grace Nicolle, Maurice Nicoll (who published Dream Psychology in 1917) and JA Hadfield[78].
When he moved to London Hugh Crichton-Miller also set up practice at offices in Harley Street and this was to be his main source of income throughout most of his career. On the mantelpiece of his consulting room rested the motto: ‘to cure sometimes, to relieve often, to comfort always’ – words that are variously attributed to Ambroise Paré (1510-1590), Louis Pasteur or Hippocrates and which reflect Hugh Crichton-Miller’s attitude to his chosen profession.
Medicine was very different if you were not rich. There was no NHS. Many of the public hospitals that existed (the London, Hammersmith, Hillingdon, North Middlesex, St Mary’s) had grown out of workhouse infirmaries. The poor lived in fear of not being able to afford treatment if they became ill.
Mental health was worse. It was still dominated by the Victorian asylums, overcrowded warehouses of the mad, run by doctors known as ‘alienists‘, who were often medical gaolers[79]. There was a dominant biological view of mental disorder, which was often considered incurable and a sign of ‘degenerate stock’ or ‘moral’ disorder[80].
It is against this background that we can see how radical and humane Hugh Crichton-Miller’s experiment at Bowden House was.
When war came in 1914, it brought financial difficulties and Bowden House was closed down for a while[81]. Hugh Crichton-Miller volunteered for the Royal Army Medical Corps[82] and was posted to the 21st General Hospital, Alexandria in Egypt[83],[84],[85] as Medical Officer in charge Functional Cases[86], with the rank of lieutenant-colonel[87]. At that time Hugh Crichton-Miller was already familiar with the ideas of Freud[88] and he also drew from the French School: Charcot, Déjérine and Janet[89]. However his growing psychoanalytic orientation was significantly influenced by his work with the Army in Alexandria, where he came into direct contact with cases of shell shock.
At the start of the war shell-shock was not a well-known condition and Charles Myers was responsible for coining the term in a Lancet article in 1915[90]. No one knew how it was caused and many leant towards a physical explanation[91], suggesting that ‘concussion’, ‘tiny particles’ or ‘the effects of explosive gases’ might be responsible[92]. Added to this there was great resistance from the military to psychological explanations. For the military ‘mental weakness equated with weakness and lack of self-control, something to be treated by disciplinary methods’[93].
There was also a great difference between how officers and the rank and file were treated. Officers and men ‘went to different hospitals and got different levels of treatment’[94]. Soldiers were ‘either sick, well, wounded or mad’[95]. Most soldiers would be ‘given a brisk laxative’ and sent back to the front[96]. A man who was ‘unwilling to or incapable of fighting was necessarily a coward, to be shot if necessary’[97] (during World War 1 the British handed out 3,080 death sentences[98]). Certainly, some of the treatments developed for shell-shock had an element of ‘punishment’ about them.
By the battle of the Somme, shell-shock had become a serious drain on manpower, escalating to possibly almost 100,000 cases in that battle alone[99]. As well as being treated at the front many were shipped back to the UK. For the rank and file the army established Maghull, under the command of Ronald Rows, who had been a pathologist, but a specialist team of Oxbridge heavyweights was sent there to try out ‘the psychological ideas of Dejerine, Janet and Freud’[100]. These included William Brown, William MacDougall and William Rivers[101].
At Maghull, Rivers found that the patients confirmed Freud’s theories that ‘dreams have the fulfilment of a wish as their motive’[102], but he also found that ‘the dreams of uneducated persons are exceedingly simple’[103]. Because of this Rivers moved on to Craiglockhart Hospital near Edinburgh where he famously treated Siegfried Sassoon and became ‘the most interesting of the shell-shock doctors’[104].
The experience of treating shell-shock led Rivers to recognise the value and wide application of Freud’s theory of the unconscious, but to categorically disagree with the notion that all neurosis was produced by sexual factors, stating that they relate ‘directly, to the strains and shocks of warfare’[105]. By the end of the war Freud too was to have revised his theories to encompass a model of what happens in trauma, where dreams can be seen as ‘helping carry out another task’, which is to ‘master the stimulus retrospectively’[106].
At the 21st General Hospital Hugh Crichton-Miller saw many examples of shell-shock, particularly after the Gallipoli[107] campaign of 1915, which made Alexandria an important hospital centre. His experiences at the 21st General Hospital enabled him to see ‘more clearly than before the relations between mind and body’[108], arguing that an emotion like fear ‘may produce a direct effect on mental stability, but it may also produce an effect on the endocrine system… which in its turn, would react finally on mental stability’[109].
Hugh Crichton-Miller argued that most cases of shell-shock had ‘broken down, either from the emotional strain associated with trench life or from the… chronic apprehension of danger’[110]. However, he also found a significant pattern of ‘developmental flaw’[111] relating to experiences of violent and abusive behaviour during childhood, often associated with having an alcoholic father[112]. Nowadays it is recognised that ‘many traumatised children are in threat-induced hyper-aroused sympathetic nervous system states’[113] and that ‘whether we bounce back or go under after a knock is “overdetermined” by factors such as… early history’[114].
This idea that the mind could influence the health of the body and that physical health influenced the state of the mind, became Hugh Crichton-Miller’s key insight from his work on shell-shock and a major influence on his work after the war. It was an approach that he termed ‘binocular’[115],[116], and which his colleagues colloquially called the ‘double-barrelled approach’[117].
Hugh Crichton-Miller’s work was of sufficient significance for William McDougall to list him as being one of the school that he called British or ‘integral’, which also included: WHR Rivers, TW Mitchell (editor of the British Journal of Medical Psychology), W Brown, JA Hadfield and M Culpin[118]. This school, while accepting Freud’s basic propositions around the unconscious, resistance and conflict took rather individual and pragmatic approaches[119].
Later in the war Hugh Crichton-Miller returned to London and between1915 and 1917[120] was appointed as a Consultant on Shell-shock to the 4th London General Hospital[121]. The 4th London General was a military hospital that had taken over the then unnamed buildings that were later to become the Maudsley Hospital [122]. He would spend most of his day on his war work for the Special Medical Board of the Ministry of Pensions[123] and return to see patients at Bowden House in the late afternoon[124].
At the end of the war Hugh Crichton-Miller’s standing among the pre-eminent British shell-shock doctors was such that he edited Functional Nerve Disease, a book which included contributions from JA Hadfield, WHR Rivers and W McDougall.
Once back in London Hugh Crichton-Miller re-established his Harley Street practice[125], re-opened Bowden House and was also able to commit time to his family of six children[126]. In 1917 Hugh Crichton-Miller also started making use of the methods of Roger Vittoz, a Swiss physician, who developed a method of improving concentration and relaxation[127] similar to contemporary mindfulness.
At the end of the war he was again able to focus more fully on his work at Bowden House and Harley Street, but during the war a new idea had taken root in his mind[128]. He wanted to use his experience in the military by adapting Freud’s theories of neurosis for civilians[129]. While Bowden House was a clinic for those who could afford to pay private fees Hugh Crichton-Miller wanted to provide similar facilities for those who were financially less fortunate[130]. In 1920 Hugh Crichton-Miller opened the Tavistock Clinic – a place where he could implement his binocular approach and modern psychological treatment could be given to the poor[131].
His dream was to have a clinic run on the simplest lines, with the minimum of publicity and the maximum work. Staff would work on a voluntary basis and patients would be charged a nominal fee of five shillings (if they could afford it) and would always be seen by the same doctor[132].
Although clear in conception, it lacked even the flimsiest financial foundation[133].
To make this idea real, in December 1919[134], Hugh Crichton-Miller organised a meeting in the drawing room of Lady Margaret Nicholson[135]. It was pointed out that the treatment of nervous disorders had greatly developed during World War 1; much had been done for ‘war neurotics’ but little was being done for civilian cases[136].
It was proposed to open an experimental clinic where doctors who had gained experience in the military might use that experience to help civilians[137]. Hugh Crichton-Miller persuaded a number of wealthy individuals to provide subscriptions to guarantee an income of £300 per annum for three years[138]. A committee was elected and an honorary director – Hugh Crichton-Miller – appointed.
Thus the Tavistock project became a reality[139].
The search for suitable premises proved more difficult[140]. Eventually a house was found at 51 Tavistock Square, which was owned by the Bedfords and had been a “Victory Club”[141]. It was a tall rather gloomy house, with a stone staircase and discoloured walls[142]. It had a number of small rooms and one large drawing room that could be used for meetings and lectures[143]. It became the Tavistock Square Clinic for Functional Nervous Disorders[144].
In the beginning the Tavi was the home of a small band of seven[145] who Hugh Crichton-Miller led with enthusiasm. In addition to Hugh Crichton-Miller these were: Dr JA Hadfield [146],[147], Dr Mary Hemmingway[148],[149], Dr Neill Hobbhouse (Neurologist) [150],[151], Dr Leslie Tucker[152],[153], EA Hamilton Pearson[154],[155], and Dr JR Rees[156],[157]. These were mostly were loyal and eager disciples and some had been with Hugh Crichton-Miller at Bowden House. Mrs Leith-Ross (who served as Honorary Secretary of the Tavi for five years, before leaving to pursue a career in anthropology[158]) was also there from the start and provided much of the furniture. They were soon joined by many of the other early staff including EA Bennet[159], Leonard Browne[160], Dr Gloyne (Pathologist)[161].[162], E Graham Howe[163], WA Potts (who became Head of the Children’s Department)[164], Dr Evelyn Saywell[165] and Dr David Yellowlees[166]. Staff had complete freedom to use whatever methods they thought best[167], but the general orientation was to ‘have no doctrine’[168].
From the very beginning Hugh Crichton-Miller laid down the principle that they were to be doctors first and psychiatrists second[169]. He wanted to integrate the biological, psychological and social sides of people. Hugh Crichton-Miller took a ‘quite open’ and independent view of psychoanalysis, drawing equally from Freud, Jung, Adler and French schools[170], differentiating the Tavistock from the ‘rigid orthodoxies’ of the early Freudians[171]. This may be why Ernest Jones, the founder of the Psychoanalytical Society, is said to have forbidden psychoanalysts from working at the Tavistock Clinic![172].
From the earliest days the Tavistock Clinic regarded education as one of its most important activities[173]. Case conferences and staff meetings were organised for the staff[174]. They soon started lectures, some of these were ‘popular’ lectures for parents and teachers[175], but there were also lectures for medical students[176]. Initially these were held in the Chinese wallpapered drawing room[177], but audiences grew. Before long there were not enough chairs and people had to stand at the back, then there was not enough room and the audience overflowed onto the stairs[178]. Eventually they started hiring the large hall at the Mary Ward Settlement across the road[179].
Hugh Crichton-Miller with his soft Scottish accent was said to be a very good speaker[180], expressing his thoughts with an economy of words[181], and expressing the need for respect, patience and compassion for patients[182]. As well as the scientific point of view, he also touched on the ethical and religious[183].
Throughout the 1920s and 1930s the Tavi gradually grew. In 1932[184] it moved to larger premises at 6 Torrington Place[185], which became Malet Place[186] in 1933, when they moved the front door. By 1939 the honorary medical staff numbered ninety[187].
During the 1920s Hugh Crichton-Miller also established himself as a writer and his books had a wide appeal[188]. The New psychology and the teacher (1921), The New psychology and the parent (1922) and The New psychology and the preacher (1924) formed a highly popular trilogy.
In the 1930s Hugh Crichton-Miller went on to write two further books: Insomnia, an outline for the practitioner, and Psycho-Analysis and its derivatives, the latter of which gives a survey of the psychological systems of the three great pioneers: Freud, Jung and Adler.
According to Hugh Crichton-Miller ‘psychoanalysis deals for the most part with the unconscious mind’[189] and he accords Freud ‘a position no less unique than that which physical science gives to Newton’[190], although of the three systems he found ‘Adler’s the most practical, Jung’s the most profound’[191].
At first, when the Tavistock Clinic was established, things went well, but soon financial difficulties began to mount, even though most of the staff were giving their services for free. The Great Depression and rises in taxation meant that the wealthy classes were not so able to donate[192]. Also psychoanalysis was not a good subject for appeals. The medical establishment and GPs were slow to come round to psychoanalytic perspectives, especially when they found how few consultants were Englishmen with a “safe” medical record[193].
For the first year or two Hugh Crichton-Miller paid the general maintenance and running costs of the Clinic from his own pocket[194]. At the beginning of each fiscal year they were faced with the need to clear the overdraft and find the funds for their current work[195].There was no shortage of patients, but this soon brought other problems – the accommodation was not large enough to accommodate them all and there was a growing need for administrative and support staff[196].
It was not easy for the doctors either. Consulting hours ran from 9am to 10pm[197]. Hugh Crichton-Miller was occupied by his own practice at Harley Street, where he worked three days a week, as well as his clinic at Bowden House. He would arrive at the Tavi after a full day in his consulting room and start seeing patients at 8pm[198].
In the early days many of the psychotherapists who worked with Hugh Crichton-Miller were committed Christians – JR Rees, Leonard Brown, EA Bennet[199] and those who came from Bowden House would have experienced Hugh Crichton-Miller leading the staff in morning prayer[200].
Gradually, between the wars the nature of the staff group at the Tavi changed. While in the early days many of the people who worked at the Tavi were more or less Hugh Crichton-Miller’s disciples, having studied under him, many of the new staff had learnt elsewhere and were less appreciative of his approach[201].
Many of the new staff leant towards a purely psychoanalytic approach rather than Hugh Crichton-Miller’s ‘doctrine of psycho-physical parallelism’[202]. Hugh Crichton-Miller however believed that there was a ‘grave danger’ in ‘losing sight of the physical factors’[203] and that a psychoanalyst should not forget their training as a physician[204]. In Psycho-Analysis and its Derivatives Hugh Crichton-Miller wrote, ‘at a time when the trend of all scientific therapy is towards treating the whole man, it is strangely out of date to find a specialism so narrow that it can take no notice of the physical condition’[205]. Although the Tavistock was his ‘baby’, Hugh Crichton-Miller gradually relinquished control[206]. Then, shortly after overseeing the Tavi’s move to Torrington Place in 1933 Hugh Crichton-Miller blocked some proposals from the Medical Committee about the educational scheme[207], concerning teaching methods and content[208]. This degenerated into a considerable row with JR Rees and Hugh Crichton-Miller resigned as Director[209]. He retained a nominal position, but remained very much in the background[210] until his final resignation in 1941[211],[212].
In 1929 Bowden House was moved to the Hermitage, the former house of a retired Harrow Schoolmaster[213]. This provided a large central house with gymnasium, studies, garden cottage, large garden and a pond that was mentioned in the Doomsday book[214].
Between the wars Hugh Crichton-Miller’s social standing had gradually grown. In 1937 he was chairman (medical section) of the British Psychological Society and in 1938 president of the psychiatric section of the Royal Society of Medicine, president of the International Society for Psychotherapy, vice-president of the C. G. Jung Institute, Zürich[215]. He also finally became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1939[216], after an unnaturally long delay that he never spoke about[217].
In September 1939 war once again interrupted normal life. Bowden House was evacuated and the Harley Street practice was closed down[218].Hugh Crichton-Miller volunteered for the Emergency Medical Service of the Ministry of Health becoming the Medical Director of Stanboroughs Hydro[219], in Watford, a residential spa that had been taken over to operate as a war neurosis centre for air raid casualties[220]. In the event, the anticipated breakdown of the civilian population did not happen and at one point there were three patients to three doctors and 35 nurses[221]. It was quietly closed down and Hugh Crichton-Miller volunteered to go to Libya, but was told that 64 was too old for service abroad[222].
The Second World War was intensely difficult for the Millers. Hugh Crichton-Miller‘s wife Eleanor was devastated by the misfortune of friends and relatives and was horrified by the atrocities of Hitler, becoming torn by anxiety and depression[223]. The Crichton-Millers received two Kindertransport children into their family: Carl Reagan and Paul Hamilton. Hugh Crichton-Miller paid for their education. Carl became a senior civil servant and Paul became an architect.
The blow that felled Hugh Crichton-Miller himself however, was the death of his son Campbell, killed in action in February 1943[224]. Three months later he faced a second blow as Campbell’s wife Sheila gave birth to a daughter who lived only four days[225].
During the war Hugh Crichton-Miller also found out that he had Parkinson’s[226] and bit by bit scaled back his activities. He resigned from the staff of the Tavistock Clinic in 1941, from his private practice in 1945 and from his position as medical director of Bowden House in 1952[227]. He knew it was an unwinnable fight, but fought it with every resource at his disposal, until it had taken almost everything from him: movement, speech and even memory[228].
Hugh Crichton-Miller died on 1 January 1959[229].
Author: Glenn Gossling 2020
Bibliography
Hypnotism and disease: a plea for rational psychotherapy, Fisher Unwin, 1912
The Psychology of Alcoholism, 1915
Functional Nerve Disease, Oxford University Press, 1920
The New Psychology and the Parent, Jarrolds, London, 1922
The New Psychology and the Teacher, Thomas Selzer 1922
The New Psychology and the Preacher, Thomas Selzer, 1924
Insomnia, an outline for the practitioner, Edward Arnold and Co, 1930
Psycho-Analysis and its derivatives, Home University Library, 1933
Footnotes
[1] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p52, The Friary Press, 1961
[2] EF Irvine, A Pioneer of the New Psychology, Hugh Crichton-Miller, p22, self-published, 1963
[3] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p48, The Friary Press, 1961
[4] ‘Obituary’,p116, British Medical Journal, 10 Jan 1959
[5] ‘Obituary’,p116, British Medical Journal, 10 Jan 1959
[6] http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/1071
[7] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p61, The Friary Press, 1961
[8] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p61, The Friary Press, 1961
[9] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p61, The Friary Press, 1961
[10] http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/1071
[11] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p3, The Friary Press, 1961
[12] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p61, The Friary Press, 1961
[13] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p62, The Friary Press, 1961
[14] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p62, The Friary Press, 1961
[15] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p3, The Friary Press, 1961
[16] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p4, The Friary Press, 1961
[17] http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/1071
[18] EF Irvine, A Pioneer of the New Psychology, Hugh Crichton-Miller, p21, self-published, 1963
[19] http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/1071
[20] EF Irvine, A Pioneer of the New Psychology, Hugh Crichton-Miller, p23, self-published, 1963
[21] EF Irvine, A Pioneer of the New Psychology, Hugh Crichton-Miller, p20, self-published, 1963
[22] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p4, The Friary Press, 1961
[23] ‘Obituary’,p116, British Medical Journal, 10 Jan 1959
[24] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p28, The Friary Press, 1961
[25] http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/1071
[26] EF Irvine, A Pioneer of the New Psychology, Hugh Crichton-Miller, p22, self-published, 1963
[27] ‘Obituary’,p116, British Medical Journal, 10 Jan 1959
[28] ‘Obituary’,p116, British Medical Journal, 10 Jan 1959
[29] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p4, The Friary Press, 1961
[30] EF Irvine, A Pioneer of the New Psychology, Hugh Crichton-Miller, p23, self-published, 1963
[31] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p4, The Friary Press, 1961
[32] ‘Obituary’,p116, British Medical Journal, 10 Jan 1959
[33] EF Irvine, A Pioneer of the New Psychology, Hugh Crichton-Miller, p23, self-published, 1963
[34] EF Irvine, A Pioneer of the New Psychology, Hugh Crichton-Miller, p24, self-published, 1963
[35] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p21, The Friary Press, 1961
[36] H Crichton-Miller, The New Psychology and the Parent, p24, Jarrolds, London, 1922
[37] HV Dicks, 50 Years of the Tavistock Clinic, p22, Routledge, 1970
[38] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p21, The Friary Press, 1961
[39] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p22, The Friary Press, 1961
[40] ‘Obituary’,p116, British Medical Journal, 10 Jan 1959
[41] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p6, The Friary Press, 1961
[42] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p34, The Friary Press, 1961
[43] Hugh Crichton Miller, The new psychology and the parent, p29, Jarrolds, London, 1922
[44] Hugh Crichton Miller, The new psychology and the parent, p30, Jarrolds, London, 1922
[45] Hugh Crichton-Miller, Hypnotism and Disease , A Plea for Rational Psychotherapy, p50-65, T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1912
[46] Hugh Crichton-Miller, Hypnotism and Disease , A Plea for Rational Psychotherapy, p82, T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1912
[47] Hugh Crichton-Miller, Hypnotism and Disease , A Plea for Rational Psychotherapy, p83, T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1912
[48] Hugh Crichton-Miller, Hypnotism and Disease , A Plea for Rational Psychotherapy, p71, T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1912
[49] Hugh Crichton-Miller, Hypnotism and Disease , A Plea for Rational Psychotherapy, p147, T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1912
[50] Hugh Crichton-Miller, Hypnotism and Disease , A Plea for Rational Psychotherapy, p148, T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1912
[51] Hugh Crichton-Miller, Hypnotism and Disease , A Plea for Rational Psychotherapy, p149, T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1912
[52] Hugh Crichton-Miller, Hypnotism and Disease , A Plea for Rational Psychotherapy, p149, T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1912
[53] Hugh Crichton-Miller, Hypnotism and Disease , A Plea for Rational Psychotherapy, p150, T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1912
[54] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p28, The Friary Press, 1961
[55] ‘Obituary’,p116, British Medical Journal, 10 Jan 1959
[56] Doris Odlum, ‘Bowden House, Harrow, for the Treatment of Neuroses and Mild Psychoses’,p1, 1968, https://dlcs.io/pdf/wellcome/pdf-item/b18717512/0
[57] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p36, The Friary Press, 1961
[58] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p4, The Friary Press, 1961
[59] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p28, The Friary Press, 1961
[60] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p30, The Friary Press, 1961
[61] http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/1071
[62] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p19, The Friary Press, 1961
[63] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p19, The Friary Press, 1961
[64] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p37, The Friary Press, 1961
[65] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p29, The Friary Press, 1961
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[158] Erik Linstrum, Ruling Minds, Harvard University Press 2016
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[186] The Institute of Medical Psychology (The Tavistock Clinic), Report for the period 1st January to 31st December 1933
[187] http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/1071
[188] http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/1071
[189] Hugh Crichton-Miller, Psycho-Analysis and its derivatives, p14, Home University Library, 1933
[190] Hugh Crichton-Miller, Psycho-Analysis and its derivatives, p9, Home University Library, 1933
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[192] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p10, The Friary Press, 1961
[193] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p9, The Friary Press, 1961
[194] JR Rees, Reflections, p26, The United States Committee of the World Mental health Federation, 1966
[195] JR Rees, Reflections, p29, The United States Committee of the World Mental health Federation, 1966
[196] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p11, The Friary Press, 1961
[197] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p42, The Friary Press, 1961
[198] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p10, The Friary Press, 1961
[199] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p8, The Friary Press, 1961
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[202] HV Dicks, 50 Years of the Tavistock Clinic, p52, Routledge, 1970
[203] Hugh Crichton-Miller, Functional Nerve Disease, p6, Oxford University Press, 1920
[204] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p29, The Friary Press, 1961
[205] Hugh Crichton-Miller, Psycho-Analysis and its Derivatives, Home University Library, 1933
[206] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p11, The Friary Press, 1961
[207] HV Dicks, 50 Years of the Tavistock Clinic, p54, Routledge, 1970
[208] JR Rees, Reflections, p35, The United States Committee of the World Mental health Federation, 1966
[209] HV Dicks, 50 Years of the Tavistock Clinic, p55, Routledge, 1970
[210] HV Dicks, 50 Years of the Tavistock Clinic, p3, Routledge, 1970
[211] The Tavistock Clinic (The Institute of Medical Psychology), Report for the year 1941, p5
[212] http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/1071
[213] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p36, The Friary Press, 1961
[214] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p36, The Friary Press, 1961
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[216] http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/1071
[217] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p77, The Friary Press, 1961
[218] EF Irvine, A Pioneer of the New Psychology, Hugh Crichton-Miller, p30, self-published, 1963
[219] EF Irvine, A Pioneer of the New Psychology, Hugh Crichton-Miller, p30, self-published, 1963
[220] HV Dicks, 50 Years of the Tavistock Clinic, p95, Routledge, 1970
[221] HV Dicks, 50 Years of the Tavistock Clinic, p96, Routledge, 1970
[222] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p76, The Friary Press, 1961
[223] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p13, The Friary Press, 1961
[224] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p14, The Friary Press, 1961
[225] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p15, The Friary Press, 1961
[226] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p15, The Friary Press, 1961
[227] http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/1071
[228] Hugh Crichton-Miller 1877 – 1959, A personal Memoir, p15, The Friary Press, 1961
[229] EF Irvine, A Pioneer of the New Psychology, Hugh Crichton-Miller, p25, self-published, 1963